Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Impact on Food Safety Determinants Along the Beef Value Chain in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Scoping Review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human, animal, and public health in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the beef sector. Key factors include overuse and misuse of antimicrobials, inadequate veterinary oversight, and weak regulatory frameworks. Environmental factors, such as contamination of feed, water, and manure, also contribute to AMR spread. Despite progress in combating AMR, challenges remain, including poor adherence to guidelines, insufficient veterinary training, and lack of sector integration.